Sovacool, Hook, Martiskainen & Baker於2019年在Global Environmental Chang發表的期刊中，透過整體系統性的能源公正性分析，探討了法國的核電、英國的智能電錶、挪威的電動汽車和德國的太陽能的低碳轉型過程。

該研究團隊採用64種半結構化訪談的混合方法設計，研究問題主要詢問受訪者：「這些能源轉型的不同方法及過程中，是否分別在能源不公平的現象上有不同的影響，而且這些影響可能涉至社區，甚至延伸到整個國家？」

研究方法主要透過半結構式混合訪談法進行，訪談討論之主題為4個歐洲國家的低碳轉型案例，分別是：法國的核電、英國的智能電錶、挪威的電動汽車和德國的太陽能，上述案例皆涵蓋四個轉型過渡時期。訪談對象涵蓋了：歷經上述低碳轉型時期的專家，並舉辦了5場焦點團體小組座談會，同時亦從12個公共互聯網站的論壇上，收集了58條與主題相關的評論，來進一步作探討及回應。

從上述之資料分析結果發現，低碳轉型時期的能源不公平現象，共可收集到44筆具效度之資料，且可進一步歸納為三個層次做討論：（一）以微觀而言，能源不公平的現象，會造成當地家庭生計、社區健康，以及居住環境的整體性影響；（二）以中觀而言，能源不公現象涉及全國性的影響，包含：電力與天然氣價格的上漲，以及獲得低碳技術機會的不平現象等；（三）以宏觀而言，能源不公平的現象涉及全球性的議題，包含了：礦物和金屬的開發、取用需求，以及廢棄物處理與循環等影響。

The whole systems energy injustice of four European low-carbon transitions

Sovacool, Hook, Martiskainen & Baker(2019)conducts a whole systems energy justice analysis of four European low-carbon transitions—nuclear power in France, smart meters in Great Britain, electric vehicles in Norway, and solar photovoltaic panels in Germany. It asks: in what ways may each of these transitions result in injustices that extend beyond communities and countries, i.e., across the whole system?

It utilizes a mixed-methods research design based on 64 semi-structured research interviews with experts across all four transitions, five public focus groups, and the collection of 58 comments from twelve public internet forums to answer this question.

Drawing inductively from these data, the paper identifies and analyzes 44 injustices spread across three spatial scales. Micro scale injustices concern immediate local impacts on family livelihood, community health and the environment. Meso scale injustices include national-scale issues such as rising prices for electricity and gas or unequal access to low-carbon technology. Macro scale injustices include global issues such as the extraction of minerals and metals and the circulation of waste flows. The paper then discusses these collective injustices in terms of their spatiality and temporality, before offering conclusions for energy and climate research and policy.

資料來源:

Sovacool, B. K., Hook, A., Martiskainen, M., & Baker, L. (2019). The whole systems energy injustice of four European low-carbon transitions. Global Environmental Change, 58, 1-15 101958.　

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378018313281